Sanskrit Mantras & Sankalpa - Part 1: Foundations

संस्कृत मन्त्र और संकल्प - भाग १

Welcome to Part 1 of the comprehensive guide on Sanskrit mantras, their meanings, and the essential Sankalpa declaration used in Hindu worship. This guide provides word-by-word translations, cultural context, and practical usage for spiritual practitioners.

What is a Mantra? - मन्त्र क्या है?

Etymology and Meaning

Mantra (मन्त्र) comes from two Sanskrit roots:

• मनस् (manas) = mind, thought
• त्र (tra) = tool, instrument, protection

Literal meaning: “Instrument of thought” or “Tool for the mind”

Deeper meaning: A mantra is a sacred sound, word, or phrase that:

• Protects the mind from negative thoughts
• Focuses consciousness on the divine
• Creates spiritual vibrations
• Transforms consciousness through repetition

Types of Mantras:

What is a Sloka/Slogam? - श्लोक क्या है?

Sloka Definition

Śloka (श्लोक) - pronounced “sloka” or “slogam” in Tamil/South Indian languages

Etymology:

• From the root श्रु (śru) = to hear, to listen
• श्लोक (śloka) = that which is heard, a verse

Definition: A śloka is a Sanskrit verse or stanza, typically:

• Composed in poetic meter (usually Anuṣṭubh - 8 syllables per line)
• Contains spiritual or philosophical wisdom
• Often from scriptures (Vedas, Upanishads, Bhagavad Gita)

Difference Between Mantra and Sloka:

Both mantras and slokas are sacred, but mantras emphasize sound vibration while slokas emphasize meaning and wisdom.

Understanding Gothra, Rasi, and Nakshatra

What are Gothra, Rasi, and Nakshatra?

Before diving into the Sankalpa, you must understand these three important concepts used in Hindu rituals:

1. Gothra (गोत्र) - Lineage/Clan

Definition: Gothra refers to your paternal lineage traced back to ancient Vedic sages (rishis).

Meaning:

• गो (go) = cow, earth, senses
• त्र (tra) = protection
• गोत्र (gotra) = “that which protects the lineage”

Purpose: Identifies your ancestral line going back thousands of years to a specific sage.

Common Gothras:

If you don’t know your Gothra: The priest will use:

• शिव गोत्र (Śiva Gotra) - Under the lineage of Lord Shiva
• कश्यप गोत्र (Kaśyapa Gotra) - Most universal gothra

2. Rāśi (राशि) - Zodiac Sign

Definition: Rāśi is your moon sign (zodiac sign where the moon was positioned at your birth).

Meaning:

• राशि (rāśi) = heap, collection, zodiac sign

The 12 Rāśis:

Example:

• If born with moon in Leo: सिंह राशि (Siṃha Rāśi) / சிம்ம ராசி (Simma Rāśi)
• Generic substitute: शुभ राशि (Śubha Rāśi) - “Auspicious sign”

3. Nakṣatra (नक्षत्र) - Lunar Mansion/Birth Star

Definition: Nakṣatra is your birth star - the specific constellation/star the moon was in at your birth.

Meaning:

• नक् (nak) = night, sky
• क्षत्र (kṣatra) = dominion, ruling
• नक्षत्र (nakṣatra) = “Ruler of the night” (stars)

The 27 Nakṣatras:

Example:

• If born under Rohini star: रोहिणी नक्षत्रे (Rohiṇī Nakṣatre)
• Generic substitute: शुभ नक्षत्रे (Śubha Nakṣatre) - “Under an auspicious star”

The Standard Archana Sankalpa - संकल्प

What is Sankalpa?

Saṅkalpa (संकल्प) means “solemn vow” or “declaration of intention.”

Etymology:

• सं (saṃ) = together, complete
• कल्प (kalpa) = vow, resolve, ritual
• संकल्प (saṅkalpa) = “complete resolve/intention”

Purpose: Before any Hindu ritual (puja, homa, archana), you declare:

• WHO you are (name, gothra, birth details)
• WHY you’re performing the ritual (intentions, benefits sought)
• WHAT you’re offering (which deity, which worship)

This creates a spiritual contract and focuses your intention.

The Complete Archana Sankalpa

Full Sanskrit Text:

1
[Gothra] Gothrasya,
2
[Rasi] Raasou Jathasya,
3
[Nakshatra] Nakshatre,
4
[Name] Naama-dheyasya,
5
Mama Sahakutumbasya,
6
Kshema Sthairya Veerya Vijaya Ayur-Arogya Aishvaryabhi-vridhyartham,
7
Dharmartha Kama Moksha Chathurvidha Phala Purushartha Siddhyartham,
8
Sri [Deity Name] Devarchana-Pujam Karishye

Word-by-Word Translation

Line 1: [Gothra] Gothrasya

Translation: “Of the [Your Gothra] lineage”

Example:

• काश्यप गोत्रस्य (Kāśyapa Gothrasya) = “Of the Kashyapa lineage”
• भारद्वाज गोत्रस्य (Bhāradvāja Gothrasya) = “Of the Bharadvaja lineage”

Line 2: [Rasi] Raasou Jathasya

Translation: “Of one born in the [Your Rasi] sign”

Example:

• सिंह राशौ जातस्य (Siṃha Raasou Jathasya) = “Of one born in the Leo sign”
• शुभ राशौ जातस्य (Śubha Raasou Jathasya) = “Of one born in an auspicious sign” (generic)

Line 3: [Nakshatra] Nakshatre

Translation: “Under the [Your Nakshatra] star”

Example:

• रोहिणी नक्षत्रे (Rohiṇī Nakshatre) = “Under the Rohini star”
• शुभ नक्षत्रे (Śubha Nakshatre) = “Under an auspicious star” (generic)

Line 4: [Name] Naama-dheyasya

Translation: “Whose name is [Your Name]”

Example:

• राम नामधेयस्य (Rāma Nāmadheyasya) = “Whose name is Rama”
• कृष्ण नामधेयस्य (Kṛṣṇa Nāmadheyasya) = “Whose name is Krishna”

Line 5: Mama Sahakutumbasya

Translation: “For me along with my family”

Breakdown:

• मम (mama) = my
• सह (saha) = together with
• कुटुम्ब (kutumba) = family
• स्य (sya) = of (genitive ending)

Line 6: Kshema Sthairya Veerya Vijaya Ayur-Arogya Aishvaryabhi-vridhyartham

This long line lists the benefits and blessings you’re seeking. Each word is a specific blessing:

Complete Translation: “For the purpose of achieving safety, stability, strength, victory, longevity, health, and ever-increasing prosperity”

Breakdown:

• This is a compound word (समास - samāsa)
• Each quality represents a life goal
• अर्थम् (artham) = “for the purpose of” (makes it dative)

Line 7: Dharmartha Kama Moksha Chathurvidha Phala Purushartha Siddhyartham

This line references the four ultimate goals of human life (पुरुषार्थ - Puruṣārtha):

Complete Translation: “For the accomplishment of the four-fold fruits of human existence: Dharma, Artha, Kama, and Moksha”

The Four Puruṣārthas Explained:

1. धर्म (Dharma) - Righteousness, duty, moral law

   • Living ethically
   • Following one’s duty (svadharma)
   • Contributing to cosmic order

2. अर्थ (Artha) - Wealth, material prosperity

   • Financial security
   • Resources to support family
   • Economic success

3. काम (Kāma) - Desire, pleasure, love

   • Legitimate sensory pleasures
   • Artistic enjoyment
   • Emotional fulfillment

4. मोक्ष (Mokṣa) - Liberation, spiritual freedom

   • Freedom from rebirth cycle
   • Union with divine
   • Ultimate spiritual goal

Line 8: Sri [Deity Name] Devarchana-Pujam Karishye

Complete Translation: “I shall perform the sacred worship/archana of [Deity Name]”

Examples:

• श्री गणेश देवार्चन पूजाम् करिष्ये (Śrī Gaṇeśa Devarchana Pūjām Kariṣye) = “I shall perform the worship of Lord Ganesha”

• श्री सरस्वती देवार्चन पूजाम् करिष्ये (Śrī Sarasvatī Devarchana Pūjām Kariṣye) = “I shall perform the worship of Goddess Saraswati”

• श्री शिव देवार्चन पूजाम् करिष्ये (Śrī Śiva Devarchana Pūjām Kariṣye) = “I shall perform the worship of Lord Shiva”

Complete Sankalpa Example

Sample Filled Sankalpa

Example 1: For a person named Rama, Kashyapa gothra, Leo rasi, Rohini nakshatra, worshipping Ganesha

1
काश्यप गोत्रस्य,
2
सिंह राशौ जातस्य,
3
रोहिणी नक्षत्रे,
4
राम नामधेयस्य,
5
मम सहकुटुम्बस्य,
6
क्षेम स्थैर्य वीर्य विजय आयुरारोग्य ऐश्वर्याभिवृद्ध्यर्थम्,
7
धर्मार्थ काम मोक्ष चतुर्विध फल पुरुषार्थ सिद्ध्यर्थम्,
8
श्री गणेश देवार्चन पूजाम् करिष्ये ॥

Transliteration:

1
Kāśyapa Gothrasya,
2
Siṃha Rāśau Jātasya,
3
Rohiṇī Nakṣatre,
4
Rāma Nāmadheyasya,
5
Mama Sahakuṭumbasya,
6
Kṣema Sthairya Vīrya Vijaya Āyur-Ārogya Aiśvaryābhivṛddhyartham,
7
Dharmārtha Kāma Mokṣa Caturvidha Phala Puruṣārtha Siddhyartham,
8
Śrī Gaṇeśa Devārcana Pūjām Kariṣye ||

Complete English Translation: “I, Rama, of the Kashyapa lineage, born under the Leo zodiac sign, under the Rohini star, along with my family, for the purpose of achieving safety, stability, strength, victory, longevity, health, and ever-increasing prosperity, and for the accomplishment of the four-fold fruits of human existence—Dharma, Artha, Kama, and Moksha—shall now perform the sacred worship of Lord Ganesha.”

Example 2: Generic Sankalpa (when you don’t know your details)

1
शिव गोत्रस्य,
2
शुभ राशौ जातस्य,
3
शुभ नक्षत्रे,
4
[Your Name] नामधेयस्य,
5
मम सहकुटुम्बस्य,
6
क्षेम स्थैर्य वीर्य विजय आयुरारोग्य ऐश्वर्याभिवृद्ध्यर्थम्,
7
धर्मार्थ काम मोक्ष चतुर्विध फल पुरुषार्थ सिद्ध्यर्थम्,
8
श्री [Deity Name] देवार्चन पूजाम् करिष्ये ॥

Transliteration:

1
Śiva Gothrasya,
2
Śubha Rāśau Jātasya,
3
Śubha Nakṣatre,
4
[Your Name] Nāmadheyasya,
5
Mama Sahakuṭumbasya,
6
Kṣema Sthairya Vīrya Vijaya Āyur-Ārogya Aiśvaryābhivṛddhyartham,
7
Dharmārtha Kāma Mokṣa Caturvidha Phala Puruṣārtha Siddhyartham,
8
Śrī [Deity Name] Devārcana Pūjām Kariṣye ||

Translation: “I, [Your Name], of the lineage under Lord Shiva’s protection, born under an auspicious zodiac sign, under an auspicious star, along with my family, for the purpose of achieving safety, stability, strength, victory, longevity, health, and ever-increasing prosperity, and for the accomplishment of the four-fold fruits of human existence—Dharma, Artha, Kama, and Moksha—shall now perform the sacred worship of [Deity Name].”

Alternative Sankalpa Format

Short Sankalpa for Daily Puja

For simpler daily worship, a shortened sankalpa is often used:

Sanskrit:

1
[Your Gotra] gotrasya,
2
[Your Rashi] rāśe,
3
[Your Nakshatra] nakṣatre jātasya,
4
[Your Name] [Title] nāmadheyō'ham
5
mama upatta-duritakṣaya-dvāra...

Word-by-Word Translation:

Translation: “I, [Your Name] [Title], of the [Your Gotra] lineage, born under the [Your Rashi] zodiac sign in the [Your Nakshatra] constellation, for the removal of accumulated sins and misfortunes…”

This format is then followed by stating the specific purpose and deity of worship.

Abhivādanam - अभिवादनम्

What is Abhivādanam?

Abhivādana (अभिवादन) means “formal salutation” or “respectful self-introduction.”

Etymology:

• अभि (abhi) = towards, in the direction of
• वादन (vādana) = speaking, addressing
• अभिवादन (abhivādana) = “speaking respectfully towards someone”

Purpose: Abhivādanam is a traditional way of introducing yourself to elders, gurus, or deities by stating:

• Your gothra (lineage)
• Your name
• Your respectful salutation

This practice is similar to Sankalpa but shorter and used for daily greetings, particularly when meeting elders or teachers for the first time each day, or when beginning spiritual study.

Standard Abhivādanam Format

Full Sanskrit Text:

1
[Ṛṣi Name 1] [Ṛṣi Name 2] [Ṛṣi Name 3] trayāṛṣeya,
2
[Gothra Name] gotrasya,
3
[Sūtra/Veda] sūtrasya,
4
[Your Name] nāmāham asmi bho,
5
abhivādaye

Common Short Format:

1
अभिवादये [Gothra] गोत्रः [Name] अस्मि
2
Abhivādaye [Gothra] Gotraḥ [Name] asmi

Word-by-Word Translation

Complete Examples

Example 1: Full Abhivādanam (Kashyapa Gothra)

1
विश्वामित्र जमदग्नि भारद्वाज त्रयर्षेय,
2
काश्यप गोत्रस्य,
3
आपस्तम्ब सूत्रस्य,
4
राम नामाहम् अस्मि भोः,
5
अभिवादये ॥

Transliteration:

1
Viśvāmitra Jamadagni Bhāradvāja trayāṛṣeya,
2
Kāśyapa Gotrasya,
3
Āpastamba Sūtrasya,
4
Rāma nāmāham asmi bhoḥ,
5
Abhivādaye ||

Translation: “I am (descended from the lineage of) the three sages Vishwamitra, Jamadagni, and Bharadvaja, of the Kashyapa lineage, following the Apastamba sūtra, named Rama. I salute you respectfully.”

Example 2: Simple Abhivādanam (Most Common)

1
अभिवादये काश्यप गोत्रः राम अस्मि
2
Abhivādaye Kāśyapa Gotraḥ Rāma asmi

Translation: “I salute you. I am Rama of the Kashyapa lineage.”

Example 3: For Different Gothras

Bharadvaja Gothra:

1
अभिवादये भारद्वाज गोत्रः कृष्ण अस्मि
2
Abhivādaye Bhāradvāja Gotraḥ Kṛṣṇa asmi

Vishwamitra Gothra:

1
अभिवादये विश्वामित्र गोत्रः अर्जुन अस्मि
2
Abhivādaye Viśvāmitra Gotraḥ Arjuna asmi

Atri Gothra:

1
अभिवादये आत्रेय गोत्रः गणेश अस्मि
2
Abhivādaye Ātreya Gotraḥ Gaṇeśa asmi

When to Use Abhivādanam

Traditional Contexts:

1. Meeting Elders/Gurus - First meeting of the day with parents, teachers, or spiritual masters
2. Before Vedic Study - When beginning recitation of Vedas or sacred texts
3. Temple Visits - When approaching the deity or priest for blessings
4. Religious Ceremonies - During thread ceremonies (Upanayana), weddings, or initiations
5. Seeking Blessings - When requesting guidance or blessings from elders

Modern Usage:

• Many families teach children to do Abhivādanam when touching elders’ feet
• Used in gurukulas and traditional schools
• Part of formal introductions in spiritual gatherings

Difference Between Sankalpa and Abhivādanam

In Summary:

• Sankalpa = “I am going to worship [deity] for these purposes”
• Abhivādanam = “I am [name] of [lineage], and I respectfully salute you”

Both share the same roots (gothra, name) but serve different ritual functions. Sankalpa is for rituals; Abhivādanam is for respectful introductions.

Preparatory Mantras - पूर्व तैयारी मन्त्र

Before beginning any puja or worship, certain preparatory mantras are recited to purify the body, mind, and environment. These create the sacred space for worship.

1. Śarīra Śuddhi - Body and Inner Purification

This powerful mantra purifies both the external body and internal consciousness, preparing you for sacred worship.

Sanskrit:

1
अपवित्रः पवित्रो वा सर्वावस्थां गतोऽपि वा ।
2
यः स्मरेत् पुण्डरीकाक्षं स बाह्याभ्यन्तरः शुचिः ॥
3

4
Apavitraḥ pavitro vā sarvāvasthāṅ-gato'pi vā |
5
Yaḥ smaret puṇḍarīkākṣaṁ sa bāhyābhyantaraḥ śuciḥ ||

Word-by-Word Translation:

Line-by-Line Translation:

Line 1: अपवित्रः पवित्रो वा सर्वावस्थां गतोऽपि वा

• “Whether impure or pure, or even having reached any state (of being)”

Line 2: यः स्मरेत् पुण्डरीकाक्षं स बाह्याभ्यन्तरः शुचिः

• “Whoever remembers the Lotus-Eyed Lord (Vishnu), becomes pure both externally and internally”

Complete Meaning: “Whether one is pure or impure, or in whatever state of being one may be, whoever remembers/meditates upon Lord Vishnu (the Lotus-Eyed One) becomes purified both externally and internally.”

Cultural Context:

• पुण्डरीकाक्ष (Puṇḍarīkākṣa) = “Lotus-eyed” - an epithet of Lord Vishnu/Krishna
• The mantra emphasizes that divine remembrance purifies regardless of physical state
• Recited before puja to acknowledge that spiritual purity comes from divine consciousness
• Reminds us that God’s grace transcends ritual cleanliness

When to Use:

• At the beginning of any puja or worship
• Before entering a temple
• When you feel spiritually unprepared
• As a daily morning purification prayer

2. Āchamana - Sipping Water for Internal Purification

Āchamana (आचमन) is the ritual of sipping water while reciting mantras to purify the inner body and energize the spiritual centers.

The Three Mantras:

1
ॐ केशवाय स्वाहा
2
ॐ नारायणाय स्वाहा
3
ॐ माधवाय स्वाहा
4

5
Oṃ keśavāya svāhā
6
Oṃ nārāyaṇāya svāhā
7
Oṃ mādhavāya svāhā

Instructions: Sip a small amount of water after each mantra.

Word-by-Word Translation:

The Three Names of Vishnu Explained:

1. केशव (Keśava) - “He who has beautiful hair” or “Slayer of demon Keshi”

   • Represents creation aspect
   • Associated with Brahma

2. नारायण (Nārāyaṇa) - “He who resides in all beings” or “Son of Nara (primordial man)”

   • Represents preservation aspect
   • The sustainer of all life

3. माधव (Mādhava) - “Husband of Lakshmi” or “Sweet like honey (madhu)”

   • Represents the loving aspect
   • Associated with spring season and sweetness

Complete Meaning:

• “Om! I offer to Lord Keshava” (sip water)
• “Om! I offer to Lord Narayana” (sip water)
• “Om! I offer to Lord Madhava” (sip water)

Spiritual Significance:

• Purifies the three main energy channels (nadis): Ida, Pingala, Sushumna
• Awakens the three gunas: Sattva, Rajas, Tamas
• Connects to the Trinity: Creation, Preservation, Destruction

How to Perform Āchamana:

1. Sit comfortably facing East or North
2. Hold water in your right palm (or in a small spoon/cup)
3. Recite first mantra - “Om Keśavāya Svāhā” - take a small sip
4. Recite second mantra - “Om Nārāyaṇāya Svāhā” - take a small sip
5. Recite third mantra - “Om Mādhavāya Svāhā” - take a small sip
6. Wipe your lips gently with your right hand

Note: The water should be pure (preferably from sacred rivers, or clean drinking water). Only a few drops are needed for each sip.

3. Ganesha Prārthanā - Prayer for Obstacle Removal

Before any auspicious activity, Hindus worship Lord Ganesha, the remover of obstacles. This is the most popular Ganesha mantra.

Sanskrit:

1
वक्रतुण्ड महाकाय सूर्यकोटि समप्रभ ।
2
निर्विघ्नं कुरु मे देव सर्वकार्येषु सर्वदा ॥
3

4
Vakra-tuṇḍa mahā-kāya sūrya-koṭi sama-prabha |
5
Nirvighnaṃ kuru me deva sarva-kāryeṣu sarvadā ||

Word-by-Word Translation:

Line-by-Line Translation:

Line 1: वक्रतुण्ड महाकाय सूर्यकोटि समप्रभ

• “O Lord with the curved trunk and massive body, whose brilliance equals ten million suns”

Line 2: निर्विघ्नं कुरु मे देव सर्वकार्येषु सर्वदा

• “O God, please make all my undertakings obstacle-free, always”

Complete Meaning: “O Lord Ganesha, with your curved trunk and immense form, radiating the brilliance of ten million suns, please remove all obstacles from all my endeavors, always.”

Ganesha’s Attributes Described:

1. वक्रतुण्ड (Vakra-tuṇḍa) - Curved/twisted trunk

   • Symbolizes adaptability and flexibility
   • Ability to navigate through life’s challenges
   • The trunk can be straight or curved - both have power

2. महाकाय (Mahā-kāya) - Huge body/great form

   • Represents enormous power and strength
   • Ganesha’s large body symbolizes the vastness of creation
   • Despite size, he is graceful and wise

3. सूर्यकोटि समप्रभ (Sūrya-koṭi sama-prabha) - Radiance of ten million suns

   • Represents supreme knowledge and enlightenment
   • Dispels darkness of ignorance
   • Illuminates the path forward

When to Recite:

• Beginning of any puja - Always invoke Ganesha first
• Before starting new ventures - Business, education, travel
• Before important events - Exams, interviews, ceremonies
• Daily morning prayer - For obstacle-free day
• Before studying - For clarity and retention

Tamil Connection: In Tamil, Ganesha is called விநாயகர் (Vināyagar) or பிள்ளையார் (Piḷḷaiyār). This mantra is equally popular in Tamil-speaking regions.

Main Worship - Ṣoḍaśopachāra Pūjā Mantras

The 16-Step Worship (षोडशोपचार पूजा)

Ṣoḍaśopachāra (षोडशोपचार) means “sixteen services” - the traditional 16 steps of elaborate deity worship.

Etymology:

• षोडश (ṣoḍaśa) = sixteen
• उपचार (upachāra) = service, honor, treatment
• पूजा (pūjā) = worship

The Universal Mantra Structure:

For any deity, the basic structure is:

1
ॐ [Deity Name] नमः, [Offering] समर्पयामि
2

3
Om [Deity Name] Namaḥ, [Offering] Samarpayāmi

Breakdown:

• ॐ (Om) = Primordial sound
• [Deity Name] = Name of the deity you’re worshipping (with proper case ending)
• नमः (Namaḥ) = Salutations, I bow
• [Offering] = What you’re offering (flowers, water, incense, etc.)
• समर्पयामि (Samarpayāmi) = I offer, I dedicate

Complete 16-Step Puja with Goddess Saraswati Example

Deity in Example: श्री सरस्वती (Śrī Sarasvatī) - Goddess of Knowledge, Music, and Arts

Note: Replace “सरस्वत्यै (Sarasvatyai)” with any other deity’s name in the dative case.

1. आवाहनम् (Āvāhanam) - Invocation

1
ॐ श्री सरस्वत्यै नमः! आवाहयामि ॥
2

3
Om śrī Sarasvatyai Namaḥ! Āvāhayāmi ||

Translation: “Om! Salutations to Goddess Saraswati! I invoke you (to be present here).”

Action: Visualize or invoke the deity’s presence into the idol/image. Ring a bell.

2. आसनम् (Āsanam) - Offering a Seat

1
ॐ श्री सरस्वत्यै नमः! आसनं समर्पयामि ॥
2

3
Om śrī Sarasvatyai Namaḥ! Āsanaṃ Samarpayāmi ||

Translation: “Om! Salutations to Goddess Saraswati! I offer you a seat.”

Action: Offer a clean cloth, mat, or visualize a beautiful throne for the deity.

3. पाद्यम् (Pādyam) - Washing the Feet

Three Alternative Forms:

Form 1 (Simple):

1
ॐ श्री सरस्वत्यै नमः! पाद्यं समर्पयामि ॥
2

3
Om śrī Sarasvatyai Namaḥ! Pādyaṃ Samarpayāmi ||

Form 2 (Respectful - to both feet):

1
ॐ श्री सरस्वत्यै नमः! पादयोः पाद्यं समर्पयामि ॥
2

3
Om śrī Sarasvatyai Namaḥ! Pādayoḥ pādyaṃ samarpayāmi ||

Form 3 (Most Reverential - to the lotus feet):

1
ॐ श्री सरस्वत्यै नमः! पादारविन्दयोः पाद्यं समर्पयामि ॥
2

3
Om śrī Sarasvatyai Namaḥ! Pādāravindayoḥ pādyaṃ samarpayāmi ||

Detailed Breakdown:

पादारविन्दयोः (Pādāravindayoḥ) = Compound word

• पाद (pāda) = foot
• अरविन्द (aravinda) = lotus (lit. “that which delights in water”)
• योः (yoḥ) = dual ending = “to both”
• पादारविन्द (pādāravinda) = “lotus foot” (the divine feet are compared to beautiful lotuses)

Why use different forms?

• Form 1 - Quick daily puja, simple worship
• Form 2 - Shows respect by specifically mentioning both feet (dual number)
• Form 3 - Used in formal temple worship, shows highest reverence by calling the deity’s feet “lotus feet” (a common epithet in Sanskrit devotional literature)

Translation:

• Form 1: “Om! I offer water for washing.”
• Form 2: “Om! I offer water to (both) your feet.”
• Form 3: “Om! I offer water to your lotus feet (both).”

Action: Offer water (symbolically or actually pour water near the deity’s feet).

4. अर्घ्यम् (Arghyam) - Offering Water for Hands

1
ॐ श्री सरस्वत्यै नमः! अर्घ्यं समर्पयामि ॥
2

3
Om śrī Sarasvatyai Namaḥ! Arghyaṃ Samarpayāmi ||

Translation: “Om! I offer water to wash your hands.”

Action: Offer water for washing hands.

5. आचमनीयम् (Āchamanīyam) - Water for Sipping

1
ॐ श्री सरस्वत्यै नमः! आचमनीयं समर्पयामि ॥
2

3
Om śrī Sarasvatyai Namaḥ! Āchamanīyaṃ Samarpayāmi ||

Translation: “Om! I offer water for sipping (purification).”

Action: Offer clean water for the deity to purify.

6. स्नानम् (Snānam) - Bathing

1
ॐ श्री सरस्वत्यै नमः! स्नानीयं समर्पयामि ॥
2

3
Om śrī Sarasvatyai Namaḥ! Snānīyaṃ Samarpayāmi ||

Translation: “Om! I offer water for bathing.”

Action: Pour water over the deity (if it’s a metal/stone idol) or sprinkle water symbolically.

7. वस्त्रम् (Vastram) - Offering Clothes

1
ॐ श्री सरस्वत्यै नमः! वस्त्रं समर्पयामि ॥
2

3
Om śrī Sarasvatyai Namaḥ! Vastraṃ Samarpayāmi ||

Translation: “Om! I offer clothes (garments).”

Action: Offer a new cloth or drape the deity with a sacred cloth.

8. यज्ञोपवीतम् (Yajñopavītam) - Sacred Thread

Note: This step is traditionally offered only to male deities. For goddesses, this step is skipped or replaced with ornaments.

Example with Lord Kartikeya (Male Deity):

1
ॐ श्री कार्तिकेयाय नमः! यज्ञोपवीतं समर्पयामि ॥
2

3
Om śrī Kārtikeyāya Namaḥ! Yajñopavītaṃ Samarpayāmi ||

Translation: “Om! Salutations to Lord Kartikeya! I offer the sacred thread.”

Action: Offer or visualize offering a sacred thread (worn across the left shoulder to right waist).

For Goddesses: Skip this step entirely, or substitute with ornaments/jewelry:

Example with Goddess Saraswati:

1
ॐ श्री सरस्वत्यै नमः! अलङ्कारं समर्पयामि ॥
2

3
Om śrī Sarasvatyai Namaḥ! Alaṅkāraṃ Samarpayāmi ||

Translation: “Om! Salutations to Goddess Saraswati! I offer ornaments/jewelry.”

Action: Offer flowers worn as ornaments, or visualize adorning the goddess with divine jewelry.

9. गन्धम् (Gandham) - Sandalwood Paste/Perfume

गन्धम् (Gandhaṃ): Fragrance, perfume, scented paste (often sandalwood/chandan)

Example 1: For Goddess Saraswati

1
ॐ श्री सरस्वत्यै नमः! गन्धं समर्पयामि ॥
2

3
Om śrī Sarasvatyai Namaḥ! Gandhaṃ Samarpayāmi ||

Translation: “Om! Salutations to Goddess Saraswati! I offer fragrant sandalwood paste.”

Example 2: For Lord Shiva (with Parvati/Uma)

1
ॐ उमा महेश्वराय नमः! गन्धं समर्पयामि ॥
2

3
Om Umā Maheśvarāya Namaḥ! Gandhaṃ Samarpayāmi ||

Translation: “Om! Salutations to Uma-Maheshvara (Lord Shiva with Parvati)! I offer sandalwood paste.”

Note: Shiva is often worshipped with bilva leaves and sandalwood paste on the forehead and lingam.

Example 3: For Gayatri Devi

1
ॐ पृथिव्यात्मिकायै श्री गायत्री देव्यै गन्धं समर्पयामि ॥
2

3
Om Pṛthivyātmikāyai Śrī Gāyatrī Devyai Gandhaṃ Samarpayāmi ||

Translation: “Om! Salutations to Goddess Gayatri, whose essence is the earth element! I offer sandalwood paste.”

Note: Gayatri Devi is associated with the earth element (pṛthivī tattva) and is worshipped with fragrant offerings.

Action: Apply sandalwood paste, kumkum, or perfume to the deity (on forehead, chest, or lingam for Shiva).

10. पुष्पम् (Puṣpam) - Flowers

1
ॐ श्री सरस्वत्यै नमः! पुष्पं समर्पयामि ॥
2

3
Om śrī Sarasvatyai Namaḥ! Puṣpaṃ Samarpayāmi ||

Translation: “Om! I offer flowers.”

Action: Offer fresh flowers (lotus, jasmine, roses, or any auspicious flowers).

11. धूपम् (Dhūpam) - Incense

1
ॐ श्री सरस्वत्यै नमः! धूपं आघ्रापयामि ॥
2

3
Om śrī Sarasvatyai Namaḥ! Dhūpaṃ Āghrāpayāmi ||

Translation: “Om! I offer incense for you to smell.”

Action: Light incense sticks and wave them before the deity in a circular motion.

12. दीपम् (Dīpam) - Light/Lamp

1
ॐ श्री सरस्वत्यै नमः! दीपं दर्शयामि ॥
2

3
Om śrī Sarasvatyai Namaḥ! Dīpaṃ Darśayāmi ||

Translation: “Om! I show you the light (perform aarti).”

Action: Perform aarti - wave a lit lamp before the deity in circular motions.

13. नैवेद्यम् (Naivedyam) - Food Offering

1
ॐ श्री सरस्वत्यै नमः! नैवेद्यं निवेदयामि ॥
2

3
Om śrī Sarasvatyai Namaḥ! Naivedyaṃ Nivedayāmi ||

Translation: “Om! I offer food (naivedyam).”

Action: Offer fruits, sweets, rice, or prepared food to the deity. Sprinkle water around the plate.

14. ताम्बूलम् (Tāmbūlam) - Betel Leaves and Nuts

1
ॐ श्री सरस्वत्यै नमः! ताम्बूलं समर्पयामि ॥
2

3
Om śrī Sarasvatyai Namaḥ! Tāmbūlaṃ Samarpayāmi ||

Translation: “Om! I offer betel leaves and areca nuts.”

Action: Offer betel leaves with areca nuts and other traditional mouth fresheners.

15. कर्पूर नीराजनम् (Karpūra Nīrājanam) - Camphor Flame

1
ॐ श्री सरस्वत्यै नमः! कर्पूर नीराजनं समर्पयामि ॥
2

3
Om śrī Sarasvatyai Namaḥ! Karpūra Nīrājanam Samarpayāmi ||

Translation: “Om! I offer the camphor flame.”

Action: Light camphor and wave the flame before the deity (final aarti).

16. प्रदक्षिणा नमस्कारः (Pradakṣiṇā Namaskāraḥ) - Circumambulation and Prostration

1
ॐ श्री सरस्वत्यै नमः! प्रदक्षिणा नमस्कारान् समर्पयामि ॥
2

3
Om śrī Sarasvatyai Namaḥ! Pradakṣiṇā Namaskārān Samarpayāmi ||

Translation: “Om! I offer circumambulation and prostrations.”

Action: Walk around the deity clockwise (1, 3, or 7 times) and then prostrate or bow down.

Adapting for Other Deities

To adapt these mantras for any deity, simply change the deity’s name in the dative case:

Pattern to Remember:

1. Male deities usually take -āya (आय) ending
2. Female deities usually take -yai (यै) ending
3. Some deities have irregular forms (like Vishnu → Viṣṇave)

Tamil Deity Names:

• முருகன் (Murugan) = Kartikeya
• விநாயகர் (Vinayagar) = Ganesha
• லக்ஷ்மி (Lakshmi) = Lakshmi
• சிவன் (Sivan) = Shiva

Reference: Common Offering Items

Complete List of Puja Offerings

This comprehensive table lists all common items offered during worship, with their Sanskrit, Tamil, and English names.

Usage Notes:

• अक्षत (Akṣata) = Unbroken rice grains (often mixed with turmeric), essential for all archana
• पञ्चामृत (Pañcāmṛta) = Made fresh: milk + curd + ghee + honey + sugar
• बिल्वपत्र (Bilvapatra) = Must have three leaves together for Shiva
• तुलसी (Tulasī) = Never offered to Shiva, only to Vishnu/Krishna

Sacred Trees, Plants & Ritual Fruits

Trees and Plants Used in Hindu Worship

This table lists sacred trees, plants, and fruits commonly used in rituals, with their Sanskrit, Tamil, and English names.

Important Cultural Notes:

1. தென்னம் பாளை vs கமுகு பாளை (Flower Spathes - பாளை):

   • தென்னம் பாளை (Teṉṉam Pālai) = Coconut flower blossom with its protective covering (spathe) - Used for auspicious decoration in pandals, wedding mandapams, and temple entrances
   • கமுகு பாளை (Kamuku Pālai) = Areca nut flower blossom with spathe - Finer, used for decorative arches in South Indian rituals
   • பாளை (Pālai) specifically refers to the flower inflorescence with its boat-shaped protective sheath, not just leaves

2. Coconut Tree - Kalpa Vriksha (कल्पवृक्षः):

   • Called कल्पवृक्ष (Kalpa-vṛkṣa) = “Wish-fulfilling tree”
   • Every part used: fruit (offering), water (abhisheka), oil (lamps), shell (utensils), flowers/spathe (decoration), trunk (sacred wood)
   • Considered one of the most complete and useful trees in Hindu tradition

3. Bilva Leaves (Three-Leaf Pattern):

   • Must offer 3 leaves together (trifoliate)
   • Represents Trishakti (Goddess trinity): Parvati, Lakshmi, Saraswati
   • Never use single bilva leaves for Shiva

4. Tulasi Plant:

   • Worshipped as Goddess Tulasi (manifestation of Lakshmi)
   • Daily evening worship called Tulasi Puja
   • NEVER offered to Lord Shiva (due to mythology)

5. Mango Leaves (Torana):

   • Hung at doorways during festivals
   • 5 or 7 leaves tied on string
   • Symbol of auspiciousness and fertility

6. Banana Plant:

   • Entire plant used in marriage ceremonies
   • Represents fertility and prosperity
   • Different varieties for different rituals

Special Samarpayāmi Variations

Why Different Terms Are Used

While the basic structure is “[Item] Samarpayāmi” (I offer [item]), certain offerings use specialized terminology to indicate the type of action being performed.

Key Pattern: When the offering involves a specific ritual action (like bathing, waving, or a special mixture), the verb changes to reflect that action.

1. Snāna (Bathing) Offerings

Instead of: पञ्चामृतम् समर्पयामि (Pañcāmṛtam Samarpayāmi) ❌

Use: देवाय पञ्चामृतस्नानं समर्पयामि ✓

Full Mantra:

1
ॐ श्री [Deity] देवाय/देव्यै पञ्चामृतस्नानं समर्पयामि ॥
2

3
Om Śrī [Deity] Devāya/Devyai Pañcāmṛtasnānaṃ Samarpayāmi ||

Translation: “Om! I offer the five-nectar bathing to [Deity].”

Why the difference?

• स्नान (Snāna) = The act of bathing/abhisheka
• You’re not just offering Panchamrit as food, but performing a ritual bath with it
• The compound word पञ्चामृतस्नान emphasizes the action (bathing) not just the substance (panchamrit)

Similar Bathing Variations:

2. Āghrāpayāmi (Smelling/Presenting Fragrance)

For incense and fragrant items:

Instead of: धूपम् समर्पयामि (Dhūpam Samarpayāmi) ❌

Use: धूपम् आघ्रापयामि (Dhūpam Āghrāpayāmi) ✓

Why? Because incense is meant to be smelled, not physically given. The causative verb आघ्रापयामि means “I cause [you] to smell.”

Example:

1
ॐ श्री सरस्वत्यै नमः! धूपम् आघ्रापयामि ॥
2

3
Om Śrī Sarasvatyai Namaḥ! Dhūpam Āghrāpayāmi ||

Translation: “Om! I present incense for you to smell.”

3. Darśayāmi (Showing/Displaying)

For lamps and visual offerings:

Instead of: दीपम् समर्पयामि (Dīpam Samarpayāmi) ❌

Use: दीपम् दर्शयामि (Dīpam Darśayāmi) ✓

Why? Because aarti/lamp offering involves showing light to the deity, waving it in circular motions. You’re not handing over the lamp, but displaying it.

Example:

1
ॐ श्री गणेशाय नमः! दीपम् दर्शयामि ॥
2

3
Om Śrī Gaṇeśāya Namaḥ! Dīpam Darśayāmi ||

Translation: “Om! I show/wave the lamp before Lord Ganesha.”

4. Nivedayāmi (Presenting/Announcing)

For food offerings (Naivedya):

Instead of: नैवेद्यम् समर्पयामि (Naivedyam Samarpayāmi) ❌

Use: नैवेद्यम् निवेदयामि (Naivedyam Nivedayāmi) ✓

Why? निवेद् root means “to announce” or “to present formally.” Food offered to God is नैवेद्य (Naivedya) - “that which is formally presented.” The verb must match.

Example:

1
ॐ श्री कृष्णाय नमः! नैवेद्यं निवेदयामि ॥
2

3
Om Śrī Kṛṣṇāya Namaḥ! Naivedyaṃ Nivedayāmi ||

Translation: “Om! I formally present food to Lord Krishna.”

5. Āvāhayāmi (Invoking/Inviting)

For invocation at the beginning:

Not: आवाहनम् समर्पयामि ❌

Use: आवाहयामि (Āvāhayāmi) ✓ (No “samarpayami” at all!)

Why? You’re not offering an invocation - you’re performing the act of inviting the deity. This is a direct action verb.

Example:

1
ॐ श्री दुर्गायै नमः! आवाहयामि ॥
2

3
Om Śrī Durgāyai Namaḥ! Āvāhayāmi ||

Translation: “Om! I invoke Goddess Durga (to be present here).”

Summary Table: When to Use Different Verbs

Key Principle:

• समर्पयामि (Samarpayāmi) = General “offering” verb (safe for most items)
• Specialized verbs = Used when the offering involves a specific ritual action
• Match the verb to the nature of the offering (bathing vs. smelling vs. showing vs. presenting)

Coming in Part 2

May your worship be filled with devotion and understanding!

ॐ शान्तिः शान्तिः शान्तिः Om Śāntiḥ Śāntiḥ Śāntiḥ “Om, Peace, Peace, Peace”

🙏